Long-term outcome after bilateral adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease with focus on Nelson's syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective We analyzed the clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings of adrenalectomized patients with Cushing's disease (CD) in order to compare the characteristics of those who developed Nelson's syndrome (NS) versus those who did not develop this complication (NNS), aiming to identify possible predictive factors for its occurrence. Subjects and methods We performed a retrospective review of the clinical records of a group of patients with CD who underwent TBA between 1974 and 2011. Results Out of 179 patients with CD, 13 (7.3%) underwent TBA. NS occurred in 6 of them (46%) after a mean of 24 months from the total bilateral adrenalectomy (TBA). Age at diagnosis, duration of Cushing's syndrome (CS) until TBA, and steroid replacement doses were similar in both groups. Initial urinary cortisol levels (24-hour urinary free cortisol [UFC]) were significantly higher in the NS group than in the NNS group (p = 0.009). Four patients in the NS group and three of those in the NNS group received radiotherapy before TBA (p = 0.26). Three patients in the NS group presented residual tumors before TBA, compared with none in the NNS group (p = 0.04). At 1 year after TBA, the median ACTH level was 476 ng/L (240-1500 ng/L) in the NS group and 81 ng/L (48-330 ng/L) in the NNS group (p = 0.0007). Conclusion In conclusion, a residual tumor before TBA, higher 24-hour UFC at diagnosis, and increasing ACTH levels within 1 year after TBA emerged as predictive factors of development of NS.

Enfermedad de Cushing recidivada después de tratamiento quirúrgico exitoso: a propósito de un caso clínico / Relapse of cushing disease after excision of a pituitary adenoma: report of one case / Relapse of cushing disease after excision of a pituitary adenoma: report of one case

Cushing´s disease results from overproduction of glucocorticoids due to excessive corticotropin secretion by a tumor of the pituitary gland´s corticotroph cells and is the cause of 80 percent of all forms of ACTH dependent hypercortisolism. Both its diagnosis and treatment represent a challenge and transsphenoidal surgical resection is currently the treatment of choice.The success of the surgery depends on the tumor size and on the experience of the center which performs the intervention, achieving remission of the disease in around 70 percent of microadenomas and 15 percent of tumors larger than 1 cm. Among patients who achieved control of hypercortisolism, there is a relapse rate that fluctuates between 5 and 25 percent. The clash of these cases represents an even greater challenge than the previous one, especially with regard to the treatment. We report the case of a 30 years old woman with Cushing's disease, operated on and cured through a transsphenoidal resection, who relapsed 10 years after surgery.

Effects of adrenalectomy on the treatment of Cushing disease / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on the treatment of Cushing's disease(CD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 15 cases of CD between January 1980 and December 2005 were analyzed to evaluate operative indications, complications and the changes of hypercortisolism and hormone levels pre- and post- adrenalectomy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients involved underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery previously. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery was performed in 4 cases. Pituitary radiotherapy was done in 4 cases. The average time from original transsphenoidal operation to ADX was 25.7 months. Pre- and post- adrenalectomy serum cortisol median level were 1156.4 nmol/L and 99.4 nmol/L, the 24 h urinary-free cortisol median level were 315.0 and 5.4 microg, respectively. Hormone replacement therapy was needed in all cases. Average follow-up period was 47 months (9-120 months). Nelson syndrome (NS) appeared in 5 cases (33.3%), while 10 cases showed no NS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>ADX is an effective and symptomatic treatment to relieve hypercortisolism caused by CD but with the risk of NS. Longtime hormone replacement therapy and follow up are needed after ADX.</p>

Nelson's Syndrome

Nelson's syndrome is a potentially severe complication of bilateral adrenalectomy performed in the treatment of Cushing's disease, and its management remains difficult. Of all of the features of Nelson's syndrome, the one that causes most concern is the development of a locally aggressive pituitary tumour, which, unusually for pituitary disease, may occasionally cause death from the tumour itself. This feature is especially pertinent given the increasing use in Cushing's disease of laparoscopic bilateral adrenal surgery as a highly effective treatment modality to control cortisol-excess. Despite numerous studies and reports, there is no formal consensus of what defines Nelson's syndrome. Thus, some will define Nelson's syndrome according to the classical description with an evolving pituitary mass after bilateral adrenalectomy, whereas others will rely on increasing plasma ACTH levels, even in the absence of a clear pituitary mass lesion on MRI. These factors need to be borne in mind when considering the reports of Nelson's syndrome, as there is great heterogeneity, and it is likely that overall the modern 'Nelson's syndrome' represents a different disease entity from that of the last century. In the present paper, clinical and epidemiological features of Nelson's syndrome, as well as its treatment modalities, are reviewed.

A síndrome de Nelson (SN) é uma complicação potencialmente grave da adrenalectomia bilateral realizada para o tratamento da doença de Cushing e seu manejo permanece difícil. De todas as manifestações da SN, aquela que causa maior preocupação é o desenvolvimento de um tumor hipofisário localmente agressivo, que pode (pouco usualmente para a doença hipofisária) ocasionalmente causar a morte pelo próprio tumor. Este achado é especialmente pertinente, dado o uso cada vez mais freqüente na doença de Cushing, da adrenalectomia bilateral por via laparoscópica, uma modalidade terapêutica altamente efetiva para o controle do excesso de cortisol. Apesar de numerosos estudos e publicações, não existe um consenso formal sobre a definição da SN. Assim, alguns irão definir a SN de acordo com a descrição clássica, como uma massa hipofisária que evolui após a adrenalectomia bilateral, enquanto outros irão se basear nos níveis crescentes dos níveis de ACTH plasmático, mesmo na ausência de uma lesão ou massa hipofisária nitidamente visível à RM. Esses fatores precisam ser relembrados quando se avaliam as publicações sobre SN, na medida em que existe grande heterogeneidade, e é provável que no geral a "SN moderna" represente uma entidade patológica diferente daquela do século passado. Neste artigo, revisaremos achados clínicos e epidemiológicos da SN e também suas modalidades terapêuticas.

Síndrome de Nelson: relato de caso / Nelson's Syndrome: a case report

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir alguns aspectos da patogênese, do diagnóstico clínico, hormonal e radiológico e do tratamento da síndrome de Nelson, com base no relato de um paciente típico portador da doença, no qual várias abordagens terapêuticas mostraram-se ineficazes.

The aim of this article is to present and discuss several aspects of the pathogenesis, the clinical, hormonal, and imaging diagnosis, and the treatment of Nelson's syndrome, based on a typical patient's report, in whom several therapeutic approaches were shown to be ineffective.

Some remark on Nelson's syndrome

A case of Nelson syndrome was presented. Male patient of 26 years old suffering from Cushing disease underwent an bilateral epinephrectomy, after that, Nelson syndrome developed and the patient was treated by Cobalt 60, the skin was discolored and head pain was relieved. Nelson syndrome is caused by total epinephrectomy E in Cushing disease’s patient, its clinical manifestation is typically a leader skin, head pain, high blood concentration of ACTH. The treatment of choice for this syndrome is an operation of pyfrophyse through sphenoidal bone or irradiation into hypophysal hole

Microsurgical treatment of Nelson's syndrome / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the etiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment of Nelson's syndrome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three patients with Nelson's syndrome who were treated in our department over the last 19 years were analyzed retrospectively. Removal of adenoma by the transsphenoidal approach was done in 21 patients and by transfrontal craniotomy in 2. The follow-up period ranged from six months to nine years.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of Nelson's syndrome was 7.7% in a series of 300 patients with Cushing's disease treated by microsurgery in the same period. Hyperpigmentation was relieved and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels decreased in all patients after tumor excision. Eight patients with visual disturbance improved after surgery. The curative and remission rates were 56.5% and 26.1%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Transsphenoidal microsurgical removal of pituitary ACTH adenoma is the first choice in the prevention and treatment of Nelson's syndrome. Regular follow-up examinations should be performed over a long time.</p>

A clinico-pathological study of Cushing's syndrome at the University Hospital of the West Indies and a review of the literature

Cushing's syndrome is an uncommon but important disease. Twenty-one confirmed cases of spontaneous Cushing's syndrome were documented at the University Hospital of the West Indies over a 21-year period. They were predominantly young females (F:M ratio of 17:4; mean age 25 years and 3 months). The commonest presenting symptoms were amenorrhoea (41) and obesity (19). Common clinical features were cushingnoid features (95), hypertension (76) and hirsutism (82). Twenty-nine per cent had frank hyperglycaemia. Cushing's syndrome was due to Cushing's disease in 10 cases, adrenal adenoma in 3 and adrenal carcinoma in 2 cases. In 4 cases with presumed adrenal hyperplasia, the histology was either unavailable or was not consistent with the diagnosis. Two cases appear now to have had the ectopic ACTH Syndrome. Adrenalectomy was the commonest treatment offered. There were no intra-operative or post-operative deaths but recurrence was common after subtotal adrenalectomy in Cushing's disease. Twenty-seven per cent of the patients developed Nelson's syndrome, which was fatal in 50. Long-term hormone replacement therapy was unnecessary after surgery for adrenal adenomas. Treatment of Cushing's syndrome was well tolerated by the patients.

Tratamiento médico de los tumores hipofisiarios productores de corticotrofina y tirotrofina / Medical treatment of adrenocorticotrophin and thyrotrophin-secreting pituitary tumors

Se analiza el estado actual del tratamiento médico de los tumores hipofisiarios productores de corticotrofina (ACTH) y tirotrofina (TSH). Se presentan las investigaciones comunicadas por diversos autores en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Cushing y el síndrome de Nelson con moduladores de la secreción de ACTH, la bromocriptina, la ciproheptadina, la ritanserina, el ácido valproico y la somatostatina. Los resultados positivos cubren un pequeño número de casos. La primera opción de tratamiento de estos tumores es la cirugía seguida de la radioterapia. Cuando no se logra extirpar completamente los tumores, el uso de drogas que actúan inhibiendo la esteroidogénesis suprarrenal constituye una terapia paliativa. Entre estas drogas se cuentan el ketoconazol, la aminoglutetimida, la metopirona, el mitotano y el trilostan, con diversos grados de efectividad y tolerancia. Los pacientes que presentan tumores hipofisiarios productores de TSH han sido tratados con éxito con análogos de la somatostatina de acción prolongada, octreotide y lanreotide SR. Se ha logrado dramática supresión de la TSH y de la subunidad alfa, así como control del hipertiroidismo y disminución del tamaño de los tumores. Estas drogas ofrecen posibilidades de tratamiento médico para los pacientes que no logran control de su enfermedad con la cirugía

Incidence of Nelson's syndrome and residual adrenocortical function in patients of Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy.

Eighteen patients of Cushing's Disease, who had undergone bilateral "total" adrenalectomy 2 to 10 years back, were evaluated for residual adrenocortical function and for any evidence of Nelson's Syndrome. Surprisingly, all patients were discovered to have measurable plasma cortisol, albeit in the subnormal range. The standard criteria for accepting "completeness of adrenalectomy" were fulfilled in 16 patients. It was possible to wean one patient off replacement therapy. Thus, the dose of replacement steroids needs to be regulated according to the blood steroid levels in order to avoid unnecessary hypercortisolism. Radiological evidence of pituitary tumor diagnosed Nelson's Syndrome in 2 patients. Nelson's Syndrome was further suspected in 8 others who showed pigmentation. One of these had an enlarged sella and an erosion of the dorsum sellae, but had a normal CT scan. Another patient had evidence of incidental pituitary pathology (incidentaloma) which resolved spontaneously. Contrast enhanced CT scans of the sella are necessary for early detection of Nelson's Syndrome.

Síndrome de nelson: de uma consegüencia par uma convergência com a doença de cushing / Nelson syndrome: a consequence for a convergence with a cushing disease

Em 1958, a descriçao original da síndrome de nelson, incluia a presença de um tumor hipofisário secretor de ACTH, após o tratamento da doença de Cushing pela adrenalectomia bilaterial. Entretanto, hoje, reconhece-se que uma adenoma hipofisário está presente em cerca de 90 por cento dos casos de doença de Cushing, antes de qualquer tratamento. O objetivo desta revisao foi atualizar o conceito e os critérios diagnósticos da síndorme de Nelson. A etiopatogenia dos tumores corticotróficos e a resistência aumentada à retroalimentaçao negativa dos glicoforticóides nao estao totalmente esclarecidas. Embora os tumores da síndrome de Nelson sejam mais agressivos, aparentemente nao existem diferenças de natureza genética ou de processamento dos peptídeos derivados da POMC, entre os adenomas oriundos da doença de Cushing ou da síndrome de Nelson. Os limites biológicos se superpoem. Porém, é de interêsse prático o estabelecimento dos limites e critérios diagnóticos entre a doença de Cushing pós-adrenaloctomia e a síndrome de Nelson, principalmente para determinar a ocasiao da reexploraçao cirúrgica da hipófise. A primeira tem tumores geralmente nao visualizados, menores que 5mm e níveis plasmáticos de ACTH geralmente menores que 1000pg/ml. Na segunda, so níveis de ACTH sao iguais ou maiores que 1000 pg/ml, aos 12 meses pós-adrenalectomia, aumentando rapidamente para 2000 pg/ml ou mais, após o 2§ ano e apresentando-se, através do CT, como tumores em crescimento e iguais ou maiores que 8 mm. A evoluçao científico-tecnológica levou a uma convergência dos conceitos e dos limites diagnósticos entre a síndrome de Nelson e a doença de Cushing. (Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1994; 38/1:47-51).

Síndrome de Nelson / Nelson's syndrome

Se muestran las características clinicoevolutivas de 6 pacientes que desarrollaron síndrome de Nelson, entre 35 pacientes a los que se les había realizado una suprarrenalectomía bilateral por presentar enfermedad de Cushing. El periodo de observación estuvo en 1 y 12 años, en 2 pacientes se demostró un tumor hipofisario y en el 100% de los mismos hubo indemnidad de la función hipofisaria. De las medidas terapéuticas utilizadas, el aumento de dosis de acetato de cortisona (promedio 50 mg/día) fue el de mayor resultado. La aparición de esta afección en no todos los pacientes adrenalectomizados, sugiere heterogenicidad entre los mismos. Con las medidas terapéuticas actuales para la enfermedad de Cushing se logrará que desaparezca esta afección

Aplicaçäo diagnóstica do radioimunoensaio do ACTH nas doenças do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal

A aplicaçäo diagnóstica do radioimunoensaio do ACTH plasmático foi estudada em pacientes com doença de Cushing ativa (n = 10) e posteriormente curados por cirurgia transesfenoidal ou adrenalectomizados bilateralmente; com síndrome de Nelson (n = 1), síndrome de Cushing por tumor de adrenal (n = 3); doença de Addilson (n = 13) e hipopituitarismo (n = 12). Os controles foram 27 indivíduos normais. As determinaçöes do ACTH plasmático mostraram-se de grande utilidade na diferenciaçäo entre doença e síndrome de Cushing por tumor de adrenal; e também entre insuficiência adrenal primária e secundária. Entretanto, elas säo de valor limitado na distinçäo entre normais e doença de Cushing e de praticamente nenhuma utilidade na diferenciaçäo entre hipopituitarismo e normais